Consequently, the country is not mandated to submit a Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) that are voluntary commitments outlining a nation's actions and strategies for mitigating climate change and adapting to its impacts. The vulnerability of the country to climate change is influenced by various factors, such as increased temperatures, geological and hydrological hazards, including droughts, flooding, fires and rains. The Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park and Sharr Mountains National Park are the most important regions of vegetation and biodiversity in Kosovo. The warmest month is July with average temperature of 19.2 °C (66.6 °F), and the coldest is January with −1.3 °C (29.7 °F).
- It has experienced solid economic growth over the last decade, as measured by international financial institutions, since the onset of the 2008 financial crisis.
- According to the Ministry of Education, children who are not able to get a general education are able to get a special education (fifth phase).Higher education can be received in universities and other higher-education institutes.
- Kosovar Albanians responded with a non-violent separatist movement, employing widespread civil disobedience and creation of parallel structures in education, medical care, and taxation, with the ultimate goal of achieving the independence of Kosovo.
- The interior terrain comprises high plains and rolling hills; about three-fourths of the country lies between about 1,600 and 5,000 feet (500 and 1,500 metres) above sea level.
- The main reason behind the 2022–23 demonstrations ended on 1 January 2024 when each country recognised each other’s vehicle registration plates.citation needed
- The Yugoslav leadership tried to suppress protests of Kosovo Serbs seeking protection from ethnic discrimination and violence.
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The region was exposed to an increasing number of raids from the 4th century CE onward, culminating with the Slavic migrations of the 6th and 7th centuries. In 2010 the International Court of Justice ruled that Kosovo’s declaration of independence did not violate international law. Education in the country is mostly public and paid for by the government. On 17 February 2008, Kosovo declared independence and said it was now a separate country. With continuous efforts toward EU integration and enhanced regional cooperation, there is an optimistic outlook. As the country seeks to develop these sectors, it remains open to collaborations with international investors.
Combined with continued skirmishes between Albanian guerrillas and Yugoslav forces the conflict resulted in a further massive displacement of population in Kosovo. Within weeks, a multilateral international conference was convened and by March had prepared a draft agreement known as the Rambouillet Accords, calling for the restoration of autonomy for Kosovo and the deployment of NATO peacekeeping forces. The ceasefire did not hold and fighting resumed in December 1998, culminating in the Račak massacre, which attracted further international attention to the conflict. By the mid-1990s, the Kosovo Albanian population was growing restless, as the status of Kosovo was not resolved as part of the Dayton Agreement of November 1995, which ended the Bosnian War.
- At the municipal level, Turkish, Bosnian, and Romani may also be granted official status when a linguistic community constitutes at least 5% of the local population.
- In the 2024 census, 93.5% of the population of Kosovo were Sunni Muslims, 2.3% were Eastern Orthodox and 1.8% Roman Catholics.
- However, speakers of BCS tend to refer to their own language as Serbian, Bosnian, Croatian, or Montenegrin, depending on their ethnicity, and consider it to be distinct from the other groups’ languages, despite mutual intelligibility.
- Protestants, although recognised as a religious group in Kosovo by the government, were not represented in the census.
- This collaborative approach ensures that multiple voices contribute to governing Kosovo, a necessity given the country’s diverse populace and complex political landscape.
- The festival is held each August in Prizren, and attracts numerous international and regional artists.
United Nations administration
From the 4th century BC, the area that is now Kosovo was part of the Kingdom of Dardania. Strengthening international relationships will contribute greatly to ensuring Kosovo’s stability and growth within the Western Balkans. Turning our attention to Kosovo's economy, it has undergone significant transformations since gaining independence. This collaborative approach ensures that multiple voices contribute to governing Kosovo, a necessity given the country's diverse populace and complex political landscape. At the helm, the President serves as the head of state while the Prime Minister leads the government. The government of Kosovo operates as a parliamentary republic, a structure designed to incorporate executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
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The first phase (primary education) includes grades one to five, and the second phase (low secondary education) grades six to nine. In general, Kosovo Albanians define their ethnicity by language and not by religion, while religion reflects a distinguishing identity feature among Kosovo Serbs. Members of the Roman Catholic Church are predominantly Albanians while ethnic Serbs mainly belong to the Eastern Orthodox Church. Today, Kosovo has the second-highest number of Muslims as a percentage of its population in Europe after Turkey. Protestants, although recognised as a religious group in Kosovo by the government, were not represented in the census.
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Given this lack of international consensus, Kosovo was not immediately admitted to the United Nations (UN). Although the United States and most members of the European Union (EU) recognized Kosovo’s declaration of independence from Serbia in 2008, Serbia, Russia, and a significant number of other countries—including several EU members—did not. Kosovo achieved full membership status in both the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) in 2016, facilitating the nation's participation in international football competitions. Prior to Kosovo's independence, other athletes such as Aziz Salihu, Vladimir Durković, Fahrudin Jusufi, and Milutin Šoškić represented Yugoslavia. Judo has become an important part of Kosovo's success in international competitions, accounting for the majority of the nation's medals.
In 2010 the International Court of Justice ruled that Kosovo’s declaration of independence did not violate international law, but Serbia rejected that decision. Kosovo, self-declared independent country in the Balkans region of Europe. Since its declaration of independence in 2008, Kosovo has made substantial advancements in international sports. The Prishtina International Film Festival is the largest film festival, held annually in Pristina, in Kosovo that screens prominent international cinema productions in the Balkan region and beyond, and draws attention to the Kosovar film industry.
As a result of these reforms, there was a massive overhaul of Kosovo's nomenklatura and police, that shifted from being Serb-dominated to ethnic Albanian-dominated through firing Serbs in large scale. Nonetheless, these conflicts were relatively low-level nixbet casino login compared with other areas of Yugoslavia during the war years. During the war years, some Serbs and Montenegrins were sent to concentration camps in Pristina and Mitrovica. Kosovar Albanians' right to receive education in their own language was denied alongside other non-Slavic or unrecognised Slavic nations of Yugoslavia, as the kingdom only recognised the Slavic Croat, Serb, and Slovene nations as constituent nations of Yugoslavia. In 1929, the country was transformed into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the territories of Kosovo were reorganised among the Banate of Zeta, the Banate of Morava and the Banate of Vardar. Soon, there were concerted Serbian colonisation efforts in Kosovo during various periods between Serbia's 1912 takeover of the province and World War II, causing the population of Serbs in Kosovo to grow by about 58,000 in this period.
The largest and most populous district of Kosovo is the District of Pristina with the capital in Pristina, having a surface area of 2,470 km2 (953.67 sq mi) and a population of 511,307. The Global Safety Report by Gallup, which assesses personal security worldwide through the Law and Order Index Scores for 2023, includes Kosovo among the top ten countries globally in terms of perceived safety and law enforcement effectiveness. The ICO concluded operations in 2012 after fulfilling obligations, while EULEX continues to operate within Kosovo and international law.
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Kosovo is a multiparty transitional republic with one legislative body; its head of state is the president, and its head of government is the prime minister. Ethnic Albanians make up about nine-tenths of the population, and Serbs account for the bulk of the remainder. Kosovo , Albanian Kosova, Self-declared independent country in the central Balkans, formerly a province of Serbia. These 107 countries say that Kosovo is a real country and a sovereign state. The official results of the censuses in Kosovo about ethnic groups and nationality from after World War II to 1991 are below. Higher education is for students who finish secondary school and want to study more at universities or colleges.
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The Serb minority of Kosovo, which largely opposed the declaration of independence, formed the Community Assembly of Kosovo and Metohija in response. Of the UN Security Council members, while the US, UK and France do recognise Kosovo's independence, Russia and China do not. As of 29 October 2025, 117 UN states recognised its independence, including all of its immediate neighbours, with the exception of Serbia; 10 states have subsequently withdrawn that recognition. After early results, Hashim Thaçi who was on course to gain 35 per cent of the vote, claimed victory for PDK, the Democratic Party of Kosovo, and stated his intention to declare independence.